Two-quadrant analog-digital conversion of monte carlo
Lubomyr PetryshynIn the current conditions of technological development and under last year's circumstances, the use of mobile means of remote control and information transformation is justified by ease of use, reliability, safety of pilot operators and economic efficiency. An urgent task is the development and implementation of effective methods and means of analog-digital conversion. In control systems, a number of sources of information have the character of integral accumulation of instantaneous parameter values. It is substantiated that the method of Monte Carlo statistical research is effective for the transformation of such information. The application of this method was limited by the need to implement generators of pseudo-random code sequences with a uniform distribution. The development of the Monte Carlo analog-to-digital conversion method proposed in the article was based on the application of code orderings generated by reflectively mapped Rademacher functions. The conducted studies showed one of the best uniformity distribution indicators of the scanning signal of the analog-to-digital Monte Carlo converters. Based on the proposed method of generating pseudo-random code sequences with uniform distribution, digital generators-formers of reference signals as part of Monte Carlo analog-to-digital converters were developed for the first time. The circuit of the Monte Carlo analog-to-digital converter, which carries out two-quadrant analog-to-digital conversion separately of the "+" and "–" components of the converted signal, as well as its integral value, was developed and investigated. A Monte Carlo analog-to-digital conversion scheme has been developed. Oscillograms and time diagrams of the formation of numerical pulses as a result of the conversion are given. The proposed Monte Carlo analog-to-digital conversion method and device have the prospect of application in resource consumption accounting systems, in particular, accounting for electric energy, fuel, gas, water, and other media
References
[1] Currie, E.H. (2021). Mixed-signal embedded systems design. A Hands-on Guide to the Cypress PSoC. Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-70312-7.
[2] Ganssle, J., Noergaard, T., Eady, F., Katz, D.J., Gentile, R., Arnold, K., Hyder, K., & Perrin, B. (2007). Embedded hardware: Know it all. Oxford: Newnes.
[3] Bernstein, H. (2021). Measuring electronics and sensors: Basics of measurement technology, sensors, analog and digital signal processing. Wiesbaden: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-35067-3.
[4] Komanapalli, V.L.N., Sivakumaran, N., & Hampannavar, S. (Eds.). (2021). Advances in automation, signal processing, instrumentation, and control: Select proceedings of i-CASIC 2020. Singapore: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-8221-9.
[5] Azarov, O., Heneralnytskyi, Y., & Rybko, N. (2020). Multi-channel digital-analog system based on currentcurrent converters. Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce I Ochronie Środowiska. Politechnika Lubelska, 10(4), 43-46.
[6] Barrett, S.F. (2013). Analog to digital conversion (ADC). In Arduino microcontroller processing for everyone! Synthesis lectures on digital circuits & systems (pp. 163-215). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-79864-1_5.
[7] Motahhir, S., & Bossoufi, B. (Eds.). (2021). Digital technologies and applications: Proceedings of ICDTA 21, Fez, Morocco. Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-73882-2.
[8] Tan, L., & Jiang, J. (2013). Digital signal processing: Fundamentals and applications. Oxford: Elsevier.
[9] Chumachenko, E.I., Petryshyn, L.B., & Konchinsky, V.V. (2021). Traffic sign detection and recognition using single shot multibox detectorissn. Electronics and Control Systems, 1(67), 26-32.
[10] Luecke, J. (2004). Analog and digital circuits for electronic control system applications. Oxford: Elsevier.
[11] Wolfc, M. (2019). Embedded system interfacing. design for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Oxford: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/C2018-0-00203-0.
[12] Petryshyn, L., & Petryshyn, M. (2019). Error protected data tranmissionon on the recursive encryption base. In 2019 IEEE 5th international conference Actual problems of unmanned aerial vehicles developments (APUAVD) (pp. 282-285). Kyiv: IEEE.
[13] Agarwal, A., & Lang, J. (2005). Foundations of analog and digital electronic circuits. Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann.
[14] Pelgrom, M.J.M. (2022). Analog-to-digital conversion (4th ed.). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90808-9.
[15] Sheingold, D. (Ed.). (1986). Analog-digital conversion handbook. Hoboken: Prentice-Hall.
[16] Kester, W. (Ed.). (2005). The data conversion handbook. Oxford: Newnes.
[17] Smith, S.W. (1999). The scientist and engineer’s guide to digital signal processing (2nd ed.). California: California Technical Publishing.
[18] Petryshyn, L. (2021). Monte Carlo multi-quadrant analog-to-digital conversion of parameters of unmanned aerial vehicles. In 2021 IEEE 6th International conference on actual problems of unmanned aerial vehicles development (APUAVD) (pp. 139-143). Kyiv: IEEE. doi: 10.1109/APUAVD53804.
[19] Zheng, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhou, N., Wang, H., & Jiang, D. (2021). A short review of some analog-to-digital converters resolution enhancement methods. Measurement, 180, article number 109554. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109554.
[20] Deghat, M., & Karimaghaee, P. (2007). A new method for integrating analog to digital conversion based on error reduction. Measurement, 40 (9-10), 919-927. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2006.10.013.
[21] Guangshan, N., Cong, L., Jianwei, Z., Xuetao, L., & Xiangdong, L. (2021). Research progress of time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters. Integration, 81, 313-321. doi: 10.1016/j.vlsi.2021.08.007.
[22] Haraoubia, B. (2019). Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. In Non-linear electronics 2: Flip-Flops, ADC, DAC and PLL (pp. 99-190). Oxford: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-178548-301-1.50002-7 .
[23] Kumre, L., & Ramesh, N.V. (2018). Design and implementation of flash analog to digital converter. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1), 1104-1113. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.189.
[24] Clara, E.G., & Wilkins, Z.H. (2015). A 16-bit 10Gsps current steering RF DAC in 65 nm CMOS achieving 65dBc ACLR multi-carrier performance at 4.5 GHz Fout. In Symposium on VLSI circuits digest of technical papers (pp. 166-167). Kyoto: IEEE. doi: 10.1109/VLSIC.2015.7231252.
[25] Ramkaj, A.T., Pelgrom, M.J.M., Steyaert, M.S.J., & Tavernier, F. (2023). Multi-gigahertz Nyquist analog-to-digital converters: Architecture and circuit innovations in deep-scaled CMOS and FinFET technologiest. Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-22709-7
[26] Alavi, M., Mehta, J., & Staszewski, R. (2016). Radio-frequency digital-to-analog converters. Oxford: Elsevier.
[27] Li, D., Zhao, X., Liu, S., Liu, M., Ding, R., Liang, Y., & Zhu, Z. (2022). Radio frequency analog-to-digital converters: Systems and circuits review. Microelectronics Journal, 119, article number 105331. doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2021.105331.
[28] Lee, C.C., & Flynn, M.P. (2011). A SAR-assisted two-stage pipeline ADC. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 46(4), 859-869. doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2011.2108133.
[29] Azarov, O., Krupelnitskyi, L., Rakytyanska, H., & Fesl, J. (2022). Reconstruction of acoustic surfaces incomplete data as an identification problem based on fuzzy relations. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings (pp. 208-226). Aachen: RWTH.
[30] Hsieh, C.F., Tsai, T.H., Chen, C.S., & Hsieh, Y.H. (2016). Implementation of a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter. In J. Juang (Ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on intelligent technologies and engineering systems (ICITES2014) (pp. 257-262). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-17314-6_34.
[31] Azarov, O., Krupelnitskyi, L., Rakytyanska, H. (2021). Sound field reconstruction from incomplete data by solving fuzzy relational equations. In Lecture notes in computational intelligence and decision making: 2020 international scientific conference “Intellectual systems of decision-making and problems of computational intelligence” (pp. 547-566). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-54215-3_35.
[32] Pourahmad, A., Dehghani, R., Mehr, S.A.A., & Lotfi, R. (2022). Versatile DAC-less successive approximation ADC architecture for medium speed data acquisition. Microelectronics Journal, 129, article number 105585. doi: 10.1016/j.mejo.2022.105585.